Growing Abortion Advocacy at the World Health Organization



Endnotes

1 The WHO's guidance is complete with detailed summaries of scholarly literature on abortion methods and practice and includes comprehensive Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks and GRADE tables to aid abortionists on recommended methods for a wide variety of abortion procedure tasks. [Back]

2 This guidance also includes comprehensive evidence summary tables and GRADE tables for a variety of abortion procedure tasks. The WHO has translated its abortion policy guidance into Spanish, French, Japanese, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian, Azerbaijani, and Bosnian. [Back]

3 This term is explained later in the article. [Back]

4 Seventy-First World Health Assembly, provisional agenda item 12.3, Global Strategy for Women's, Children's and Adolescents' Health (2016-2030): sexual and reproductive health, interpersonal violence, and early childhood development, Document A71/1 Rev.1 (May 10, 2018). [Back]

5 Starrs AM, Ezeh AC, Barker G, Basu A, Bertrand JT, Blum R, et al. Accelerate progress - sexual and reproductive health and rights for all: report of the Guttmacher-Lancet Commission. The Lancet. 2018 May 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30293-9. [Back]

6 Ibid. [Back]

7 Id. [Back]

8 Id. [Back]

9 Id. [Back]

10 International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, Egypt, Sep. 5-13, 1994, Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, ¶8.25, Report of the International Conference on Population and Development, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.171113/Rev.1, U.N. Sales No. 95.XIII.18 (1995). [Back]

11 Le DC, Kubo T, Fujino Y, Sokal DC, Vach TH, Pham TM, Matsuda S. Reproductive factors in relation to ovarian cancer: a case-control study in Northern Vietnam. Contraception 2012 Nov 30;86(5):494-9. [Back]

12 Scholten BL, Page-Christiaens GC, Franx A, Hukkelhoven CW, Koster MP. The influence of pregnancy termination on the outcome of subsequent pregnancies: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2013 Jan 1;3(5):e002803. [Back]

13 Coleman PK, Coyle CT, Shuping M, Rue VM. Induced abortion and anxiety, mood, and substance abuse disorders: Isolating the effects of abortion in the national comorbidity survey. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2009 May 31;43(8):770-6. [Back]

14 Cougle JR, Reardon DC, Coleman PK. Depression associated with abortion and childbirth: a long-term analysis of the NLSY cohort. Med Sci Monit 2003 Apr;9(4):CR105-12. [Back]

15 Cougle JR, Reardon DC, Coleman PK. Generalized anxiety following unintended pregnancies resolved through childbirth and abortion: a cohort study of the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. J Anxiety Disord 2005;19(1):137-42. [Back]

16 Broen AN, Moum T, Bödtker AS, Ekeberg O. Psychological impact on women of miscarriage versus induced abortion: a 2-year follow-up study. Psychosom Med 2004 Mar-Apr;66(2):265-71. [Back]

17 Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Boden JM. Reactions to abortion and subsequent mental health. Br J Psychiatry 2009 Nov;195(5):420-6. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.066068. [Back]

18 Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Ridder EM. Abortion in young women and subsequent mental health. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2006 Jan;47(1):16-24. [Back]

19 Mota NP, Burnett M, Sareen J. Associations between abortion, mental disorders, and suicidal behaviour in a nationally representative sample. Can J Psychiatry 2010 Apr;55(4):239-47. [Back]

20 Reardon DC, Cougle JR, Rue VM, Shuping MW, Coleman PK, Ney PG. Psychiatric admissions of low-income women following abortion and childbirth. CMAJ 2003 May 13;168(10):1253-6. [Back]

21 Brind J, Chinchilli VM, Severs WB, Summy-Long J. Induced abortion as an independent risk factor for breast cancer: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 1996 Oct 1;50(5):481-96. [Back]

22 Coleman PK, Reardon DC, Rue VM, Cougle J. State-funded abortions versus deliveries: a comparison of outpatient mental health claims over 4 years. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2002 Jan;72(1):141-52. [Back]

23 Selena Ewing, Women and Abortion: An Evidence Based Review, Women's Forum Australia (2005). [Back]

24 Huang Y, Zhang X, Li W, Song F, Dai H, Wang J, Gao Y, Liu X, Chen C, Yan Y, Wang Y. A meta-analysis of the association between induced abortion and breast cancer risk among Chinese females. Cancer Causes & Control 2014 Feb;25(2):227. [Back]

25 Bhadoria A S, Kapil U, Sareen N, Singh P. Reproductive factors and breast cancer: A case-control study in tertiary care hospital of North India. Indian J Cancer 2013;50:316-21. [Back]

26 Jiang AR, Gao CM, Ding JH, Li SP, Liu YT, Cao HX, Wu JZ, Tang JH, Qian Y, Tajima K. Abortions and breast cancer risk in premenopausal and postmenopausal women in Jiangsu Province of China. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012;13(1):33-5. [Back]

27 Coleman PK, Reardon DC, Cougle JR. Substance use among pregnant women in the context of previous reproductive loss and desire for current pregnancy. British Journal of Health Psychology 2005 May 1;10(2):255-68. [Back]

28 Coleman PK. Abortion and mental health: quantitative synthesis and analysis of research published 1995-2009. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2011; 199: 180-186. [Back]

29 Koch E, Thorp J, Bravo M, Gatica S, Romero CX, Aguilera H, et al. Women's education level, maternal health facilities, abortion legislation and maternal deaths: a natural experiment in Chile from 1957 to 2007. PLoS One. 2012 May 4;7(5):e36613. [Back]

30 "we begin our description of the developing human with the formation and differentiation of the male and female sex cells or gametes, which will unite at fertilisation to initiate the embryonic development of a new individual": William J. Larsen, Human Embryology, 1 (3rd ed. 2002). [Back]

31 Constitution of the World Health Organization, Jul. 22, 1946 (as amended as of Sep. 15, 2005). [Back]

32 World Health Organization, Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance for Health Systems 94-98 (2nd ed. 2012). [Back]

33 Ibid. [Back]

34 Zorzi K. The impact of the United Nations on national abortion laws. Catholic University Law Review. 2016;65(2):409. [Back]

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