*This paper is based on a similar paper delivered to the De Sales School of Theology Washington Breakfast Meeting, in the law offices of Gardener, Careton and Douglas, Washington, D.C., December 7, 1994
1 John Rennie, "Trends in genetics: Grading the gene tests", Scientific American (June 1994), 270:6:88-97. [Back]
2 Science News (1994), Vol. 146, p. 299. [Back]
3 See article on obesity, by Rick Weiss, "Born to be fat; Will an obesity gene tilt the scales toward social acceptance?", Washington Post (Dec. 6, 1994), p. 10-14. [Back]
4 National Institutes of Health: Report of the Human Embryo Research Panel, September 27, 1994; available free of charge from Ms Peggy Schnoor, Division of Science Policy Analysis and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 1, Room 218, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892; phone 301-496-1454. [Back]
5 C. Ward Kischer, "A new wave dialectic: The reinvention of human embryology", Linacre Quarterly (1994), 61:4:66-81; Kischer, "Human development and reconsideration of ensoulment", Linacre Quarterly (1993), 60:1:57-63; Kischer, "Quid sit veritas?", Scientists For Life (July 1994), 4:1:1-10; Dianne N. Irving, "Testimony before the NIH Human Embryo Research Panel", Linacre Quarterly (1994), 61:4:82-89; Irving, "Academic fraud and conceptual transfer in bioethics: Abortion, human embryo research and psychiatric research", in Proceedings of the Conference: Life and Learning IV (New York: Fordham University Press, Fall 1994), in press; Irving, "'New age' embryology text books: Implications for fetal research", Linacre Quarterly (1994), 61:2:42-62. [Back]
6 Dianne N. Irving, Philosophical and Scientific Analysis of the Nature of the Early Human Embryo (Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., April 9, 1991). For shorter summaries, see Irving, "Science, philosophy and expertise: An evaluation of the arguments on 'personhood'", Linacre Quarterly (1993), 60:1:18-46; Irving, amicus curiae brief (for University Faculty For Life, Members of Congress, organizations and individuals) in support of petition of certiorari, Alexander Loce v The State of New Jersey, cert. denied __ U.S. __ (1994) (No. 93-1149). [Back]
7 45 C.F.R. Part 46 (1993). [Back]
8 Central Laboratory for Human Embryology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Director, Dr. Fantell. [Back]
9 NIH Revitalization Act (1993), P.L. No. 103-43, codified at U.S.C. sec 289a et seq. [Back]
10 Joseph Palca, "A word to the wise", Hastings Center Report (Mar.-April 1994), p. 5. [Back]
11 National Institutes of Health: Report of the Human Embryo Research Panel (see note 4), p. 5-7. [Back]
14 See series of articles on this issue since January 1994 by: Mary Meehan, in National Catholic Register, Richard Doerflinger, in National Right to Life News and The Catholic Standard; Mark Zimmerman, in The Catholic Standard; and American Life League (Stafford, VA, phone 703-659-2586). Also see articles by: Rev. John Richard Neuhaus, "Don't cross this threshold", Wall Street Journal (Oct. 27, 1994), and the Ramsey Colloquium's statement, "The inhuman use of human beings: A statement on embryo research by the Ramsey Colloquium" to be published in First Things (Jan. 1995); Peter Riga, "Letter to the Editor", Wall Street Journal (Nov. 14, 1994); David Walsh (CU), "Benefits don't make it ethical", The Washington Post (Oct. 27, 1994), A23; "Editorial", The Washington Post (Oct. 2, 1994); George Weigel, "A Brave New World is hatched", Los Angeles Times (Nov. 27, 1994); series of letters to Dr. Varmus from Rep. Robert K. Dornan and Congressional members of the Pro-Life Caucus, U.S. House of Representatives (phone 202-225-2965); statement to Dr. Varmus by Archbishop James Cardinal Hickey, Nov. 12, 1994 (all of the statements pro and con this research which were sent to NIH are open for public reading). Also see Dianne N. Irving, "Embryo research: A call for closer scrutiny", National Catholic Register (July 17, 1994). Also see Irving, interviewed by: Diane Gianelli, "Embryo research decision set to spark controversy", American Medical News (June 1994), p. 7; Pete Sheehan, "Moral experts concerned about reported cloning", The Long Island Catholic (Nov. 3, 1993), p. 9; Mary Meehan, "Halt these proceedings", National Catholic Register (June 1994); ibid, "Dialogue: Dianne Nutwell Irving on embryology and bioethics" (Oct. 16, 1994), p. A1; Richard Szczepanowski, "NIH decision on embryo research said to be based on faulty science", Catholic Standard (Nov. 3, 1994), p. 4; Edward C. Freiling, "The attempted justification of embryo research", The Wanderer (Dec. 8, 1994), p. 12; and by Cheryl Wetzstein, "Activists oppose embryo research", The Washington Times (Dec. 8, 1994) p. 12. [Back]
15 NIH Revitalization Act 1993 , 42 U.S.C. sect. 289 a-1(b)(1). [Back]
16 National Institutes of Health Human Embryo Research Panel: Transcripts of the Meetings (Feb. 2-3, Mar. 14, Apr. 11-12, May 3-4, June 21-22, and Sept. 27), available free of charge from Ms Peggy Schnoor, Division of Science Policy Analysis and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 1, Room 218, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892; phone 301-496-1454. Also free of charge are copies of all of the "invited papers" from the "experts" which NIH commissioned for this Human Embryo Research Panel. [Back]
17 Federal Advisory Committee Act, 5 U.S.C. App. sect 5(b)(2); see petition for injunction, Mary Doe v. Donna Shalala, et al, U.S. Dist. St. MD, No. PJM-94-1703, filed Aug. 1994, denied. [Back]
18 See articles by Mary Meehan and Richard Doerflinger (note 14). [Back]
19 Dianne N. Irving, "Testimony before the NIH Human Embryo Research Panel", Linacre Quarterly (1994), 61:4:82-89; Irving, "Academic fraud and conceptual transfer in bioethics: Abortion, human embryo research and psychiatric research" (see note 5). [Back]
20 Meehan, and Doerflinger (note 14). [Back]
21 D. Irving (note 5); see also, Francis J. Beckwith, "Book review: 'A Matter of Principles: Ferment in U.S. Bioethics', in Ethics and Medicine (Fall 1994). [Back]
22 Dianne N. Irving, "Which ethics for science and public policy?", Accountability in Research (1993), 3:2-3:77-99; Irving, "The impact of scientific 'misinformation' on other fields: Philosophy, theology, biomedical ethics and public policy", Accountability in Research (April 1993), 2:4:243-272; Irving, "Quality assurance auditors: Between a rock and a hard place", Quality Assurance: Good Practice, Regulation, and Law (March 1994), 3:1:33-52. See also, DuBose, Edwin, Hamel, O'Connell (eds.), A Matter of Principles? Ferment in U.S. Bioethics (Valley Forge, PA: Trinity Press International, 1994); Raanan Gillon (ed.), Principles of Health Care Ethics (New York: Wiley, 1994); (many other cites found on BIOETHICSLINE under "analytics/bioethics"). [Back]
23 Albert Jonsen, "Preface", in DuBose et al; and Gillon (note 24); Daniel Callahan, "Bioethics: Private choice and common good", Hastings Center Report (May-June 1994), 28-31. [Back]
24 D. Irving, "Academic fraud..." (note 5); ibid, "Impact of scientific 'misinformation..." (note 22); ibid, "Psychiatric research: Reality check", The Journal of the California Alliance for the Mentally Ill (Spring 1994), 5:1:42-44; ibid, "Can either scientific facts or 'personhood' be mediated?", Pontis (The Center for Medical Ethics and Mediation, San Diego, CA)(March 1994), 2:1:3-5; ibid, "Politization of science and philosophy: The 'delayed personhood' debates and conceptual transfer", Life Science And The Concept of 'Person', Centre d'Etudes sur la Reconnaissance de la Personne Humaine (CERPH, CHU La Miletrie, B.P. 577, 86021 Poitier, France), forthcoming; ibid., "Neurobiological research using human subjects: Ethical choices for decision makers", Accountability in Research (Feb. 1995), forthcoming. [Back]
25 National Institutes of Health: Report of the Human Embryo Research Panel (see note 4), p.110-111. [Back]
26 Peter Singer, Helga Kuhse, Stephen Buckle, Karen Dawson, Pascal Kasimba, Embryo Experimentation (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990). [Back]
27 Singer et al, Embryo Experimentation, p. xiv. [Back]
28 Kischer, "Quid sit veritas?", Science for Life (July 1994), 4:1:1-10; also, "A new wave dialectic: The reinvention of human embryology", Linacre Quarterly (1994), 61:4:66-81; Irving, "Academic fraud..." (see note 5). [Back]
29 Nuremberg Code, in Jay Katz, Experimentation With Human Beings (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1972), p. 305-306. [Back]
30 Declaration of Helsinki, in Robert J. Levine, Ethics and Regulation of Clinical Research (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986), p. 429. [Back]
31 United States Code of Federal Regulations: Protection of Human Subjects 45 CFR 46 (available from NIH, Office For The Protection of Research Risks). [Back]
32 Paul S. Appelbaum, Charles W. Lidz and Alan Meisel, Informed Consent: Legal Theory and Clinical Practice (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 217-218; Robert J. Levine, Ethics and Regulation of Clinical Research (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986), pp. 69-72. [Back]
33 Dr. Bernadine Healy, former Director of NIH (under President Bush), debating Ron Green (NIH Panelist and "ethicist") on MacNeil-Lehrer News Hour (Dec. 6, 1994) (Transcripts available from "Strictly Business", P.O. Box 12803, Overland Park, Kansas 66212, phone 913-649-6381). [Back]
34 As confirmed publicly by Ron Green, NIH Panelist, on MacNeil-Lehrer News Hour (note 33). [Back]
[edited June 26, 2004]
1, 2,