The Impact of the Pill...con't

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References:

1.   Van der Vange N., 'Ovarian Activity in Low Dose Oral Contraceptives. Contemporary Obstetrics and Gynaecolgy, ed. G. Chamberlain (London) [Back]

2.   Grimes, D.A., Godwin, A.J., Rubin, A., et al. 'Ovulation and Follicular Development Associated with the Low-dose Oral Contraceptives: A Randomised Controlled Trial'. Obstet Gynecol. 83 (1994), 1,29-34. [Back]

3.   Mosby's Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary, ed. K.N. Anderson (5th Edition 1998), 1178. [Back]

4.   Reese, ]., Brown, N., et al., 'Expression of Neu Differentiation Factor During the Pre-implantation Period in the Mouse Uterus', Biol Rep rod. (1998); 58,3, 719-27. [Back]

5.   Simon, C., Mercader, A., et al., Hormonal Regulation of Serum and Endometrial IL-1a, IL-1b and IL-Ira: IL-1 Endometrial Micro environment of the Human Embryo at the Apposition Phase Under Physiological and Supraphysiological Steroid Level Conditions. ] Reprod Immun. (1996), 31, 165-84. [Back]

6.   Sato, S., Kume, K., et al., 'Up-regulating of the Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling and mRNA Expression of Platelet-activating Factor Receptor by Estradiol in Human Endometrial Cells, Adv Exo Med Biol (1997); 416, 95-100. [Back]

7.   Ahmed, A., Dearn, S., et al., 'Localization, Quantification, and Activation of Platelet-activating Factor Receptor in Human Endometrium During the Menstrual Cycle: PAF Stimulates NO, VEGF, and PAK', The FASEB Journal (1998); 12, 831-43. [Back]

8.   Rutanen, E.M., 'Insulin-like Growth Factors in Endometrial Function', Gynecol Endocrinol (1998); 12,6,399-406. [Back]

9.   Sawai, K. et al., 'Human Decidual Cell Biosynthesis of Leukemia Inhibitor Factor: Regulation by Decidual Cytokines and Steroid Hormones. Biol Reprod (1997); 56,5,1274-80. [Back]

10.   Klentzeris, L.D., 'The role of Endometrium in Implantation', Hum Reprod (1997), 12:11 Suppl., 170-5. [Back]

11.   Simon, C., Gimeno, M.J., et al., 'Embryonic Regulation of Integrins beta 3, alpha 4, and alpha I in human endometrial epithelial cells in vitro', J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (1997); 82,8, 2607-16. [Back]

12.   Reese J, op. cit. [Back]

13.   Huang, H.Y., Krussel, J.S., et al., 'Use of Reverse Transcription-poly-merase Chain Reaction to Detect Embryonic Interleukin-1 System Mesenger RNA in Individual Preimplantation Mouse Embryos co-cultured with Veto Cells', Human Reprod. (1997); 12, 7,1537-44. [Back]

14.   Takacs, P., Kauma, S., 'The Expression of Interleukin-la Interieukin-lb, and Interleukin-1 Receptor Type 1 mRNA during Preimplantation Mouse Development', J Reprod Immunol. (1996); 32, 1, 27-35. [Back]

15.   Yoshimura, Y., 'Integrins: Expression, Modulation, and Signaling in Fertilization, Embryo genesis and Implantation', Keio J Med. (1997); 46(1), [Back] 16-24.

16.   Widra, E.A., Weeraratna, A., et al., 'Modulation of Implantation-associated Integrin Expression but Not Uteroglobin by Steroid Hormones in An Endometrial Cell Line', Mol Hum Reprod. (1997); 3, 7,563-68. [Back]

17.   Glasier, A., 'Emergency Postcoital Contraception', NEJM, (1997); 337, 1058-64. [Back]

18.   Grimes, D.A., 'Emergency Contraception--Expanding Opportunities for Primary Prevention, NEJM,(1997); 337,1078-79. [Back]

19.   Guillebaud, ]., 'Time for Emergency Contraception with Levonorgestrel Alone', Lancet (1998); 385,416. [Back]

20.   Moore, K.L., Persaud, T.V.N., The Developing Human--Clinically Orientated Embryology, (W.B. Saunders)--6th edition--, 532. [Back]

21.   Mosby's Dictionary, 1309. [Back]

22.   Simon, / Reprod Immun. (1993); 31,165-184. [Back]

23.   Ibid., 180. [Back]

24.   Ibid., 166. [Back]

25.   Ibid., 180. [Back]

26.   Simon, C., Velasco, J., et al., 'Increasing Uterine Receptivity by Decreasing Estradiol Levels During the Preimplantation Period in High Responders with the Use of Follicle-stimulating Hormone Step-down reg-men', Fert Steril. (1998); 70,2,234-9. [Back]

27.   Huang, op. cit. [Back]

28.   Simon, / Reprod Immun. Ibid., p. 181. [Back]

29.   Loc cit. [Back]

30.   Mosby's, op cit., p. 1201. [Back]

31.   Ibid., p. 773. [Back]

32.   Simon, C., Fert Steril. (1998); 237, Table 3. [Back]

33.   Ibid., p. 238. [Back]

34.   Rahwan Professor R., Chemical Contraceptives, Interceplives, and Abortifacients (1998), 5. [Back]

35.   Swahn, M.L., Westlund, P., et al., 'Effects of Post-coital Contraceptive Methods on the Endometrium and the Menstrual Cycle', Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologia Scandinavica (1996); 75, 738^44. [Back]

36.   Ibid., p. 742. [Back]

37.   Ibid., p. 743. [Back]

38.   Loc cit. [Back]

39.   Sato, S., Kume, K., et al., 'Up-regulation of the Intracellular Ca2 Signaling and mRNA Expression of Platelet-activating Factor Receptor by Estradiol in Human Uterine Endometrial Cells', Adv Exp Med Biol. (1997); 416,95-100. [Back]

40.   Mosby's Medical Dictionary--5th edition--(1998), 1390. [Back]

41.   AhMed, A., Deam, S., Shams, M., et al., 'Localization, Quantification, and Activation of Platelet-activating Factor Receptor in Human Endometrium During the Menstrual Cycle: PAF Stimulates NO, VEGF, and FAK', The FASEB Journal (1998); 12,831^3. [Back]

42.  Spinks, N.R., Ryan, J.P., O'Neill, C., 'Antagonists of Embryo-derived Platelet-activating Factor Act by Inhibiting the Ability of the Mouse Embryo to Implant', J Reprod Fertil. (1990); 88,1,241-8. [Back]

43.  Ahmed, op cit., p. 842. [Back]

44.  Sato S., op cit., p. 99. [Back]

45.   Ahmed, op cit., p. 836. [Back]

46.   Sato, op cit., p. 99. [Back]

47.   Ahmed, op cit., p. 841. [Back]

48.   Rabe, T., Nitsche, D.C., Runnebaum. B., "The Effects of Monophasic and Triphasic Oral Contraceptives on Ovarian Function and Endometrial Thickness', Eura J Contra of Reprod Health Care (1997); 2,39-51. [Back]

49.   Ibid., table 4, p. 46. [Back]

50.   Grimes, A., Godwin, A.J., et al., op cit., p. 34. [Back]

51.   Ibid., p. 33. [Back]

52.   Sieghart, M.A., 'What is the pill doing to my body?'. The Times 21st October 1995 (U.K.). [Back]

53.   Hedon, B., Cristol, P., et al., 'Ovarian Consequences of the Transient Interruption of Combined Oral Contraceptives', Int J Fert. (1995); 37, 5, 270-6. [Back]

54.   Hamilton, C.J., Hoogland, H.J., 'Longitudinal Ultrasonographic Study of the Ovarian Suppressive Activity of a Low-dose Triphasic Oral Contraceptive During Correct and Incorrect Pill Intake', Am J Obstet Gynecol. (1989); 161,5,1159-62. [Back]

55.   Letterie, G.S., 'A Regimen of Oral Contraceptives Restricted to the Periovulatory Period May Permit Folliculogenesis but Inhibit Ovulation', Contraception (1998); 57, 39-14. [Back]

56.   Ibid., p. 39. [Back]

57.   Private Correspondence. (Nov 11,1998). [Back]

58.   MIMS on CD. MediMedia Australia P/L St. Leonards N.S.W. (Aust) 1590 (www.mims.com.au). [Back]

59.   Wilks, J., A Consumer's Guide the Pill (A.L.L., 1997) 2nd Edition, 5. [Back]

60.   Rabe, op. cit., p. 48. [Back]

61.   Ibid., p. 43. [Back]

62.   Sullivan, H., Furniss, H., et al., 'Effect of 21-day and 24-day Oral Contraceptive Regimens Containing Gestodene (60ug) and Ethinyl Estradiol (15ug) on Ovarian Activity', Fert Steril. (1999); 72, 1, 115-120 'Ovulation was defined as the presence of a follicle-like structure that was <13mm in diameter and ruptured within 48 hours combined with serum 1713-E2 and progesterone concentrations of >30pg/ml and >h;1.6ng/ml, respectively, in the same cycle'. Ibid., p. 116. [Back]

63.   Rabe, op. cit., p. 45. [Back]

64.   Goodman and Oilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (McGraw-Hill 1996), 9th edition, 1417. [Back]

65.   Ibid., p. 48. [Back]

66.   Microgynon 20ED. Approved product information. Approved by the Therapeutic Goods Administration, November, 1998. [Back]

67.   Issacs, J.D., Wells, C.S., Williams, D.B., et al., 'Endometrial Thickness is a Valid Monitoring Parameter in Cycles of Ovulation Induction with Menotropins Alone', Fert Steril. (1996); 65, 2,262-6. [Back]

68.   Spandorfer, S.D., Bamhart, K.T., 'Endometrial Stripe Thickness as a Predictor of Ectopic Pregnancy', Fert Steril. (1996); 66,3,474-7. [Back]

69.   Shoham, Z., Di Carlo, C., Patel, A., et al., 'Is it Possible to Run a Successful Ovulation Induction Based Solely on Ultrasound Monitoring? The Importance of Endometrial Measurements', Fert Steril. (1991); 56, 5, 836-41. [Back]

70.   Yoshimura, Y., 'Integrins: Expression, Modulation, and Signaling in Fertilization, Embryo genesis and Implantation', Kei J Med. (1997); 46(1), 16-24. [Back]

71.   Somkuti, S.C., Yuan, L., et al., 'Epidermal Growth Factor and Sex steroids Dynamically Regulate a Marker of Endometrial Receptivity in Ishikawa Cells', J Clin Endo Metab. (1997); 82(7), 2192-7. [Back]

72.   Gonen, Y., Casper, R.F., Journ In Vitro Fert Embryo Tranf (1990); 7, 3, 146-52. (8.5mm +/- 0.4mm vs. 7.5mm +/- 0.2mm, P, 0.01). [Back]

73.   Rabe, Table 3, p.44. [Back]

74.   Ibid., Figures 4 & 5, pp. 46. [Back]

75.   Ibid., p. 43. [Back]

76.   Ibid., p. 48. [Back]

77.   Lessey, B.A., Ilesanmi, A.O., et al., 'Luminal and Glandular Endometrial Epithelial Express Integrins Differentially Throughout the Menstrual Cycle: Implications for Implantation, Contraception, and Infertility', Am J Reprod Immumol (1996); 35,3,195-204. [Back]

78.   Yoshimura, Y., op. cit., pp. 17,20. [Back]

79.   Etzioni, A., 'The Glue of Life', Lancet (1999); 353,341-3. [Back]

80.   Somkuti, S.C., Fritz, M.A., et al., 'The Effect of Oral Contraceptive Pills on Markers of Endometrial Receptivity, Fert Steril (1996); 65,3,484-8. [Back]

81.   Ibid., p. 484. [Back]

82.   Lessey, B.A., Ilesanmi, A.O., Lessey, M.A., et al., 'Luminal and Endometrial Epithelium Contraception, and Fertility', Am J Reprod Immunol. (1996); 35(3), 195-204. [Back]

83.   Widra, E.A., Weeraratna, A., et al., 'Modulation of Implantation--Associated Integrin Expression but Not Uteroglobin by Steroid Hormones in an Endometrial Cell Line', Mol Hum Reprod. (1997); [Back] 3,7,563-8.

84.   Somkuti, S.C., J Clin Endo Metab., p. 2192. [Back]

85.   Lessey, B.A., Castelbaum, A.J., et al., 'Integrins as Markers of Uterine Receptivity in Women with Primary Unexplained Infertility', Fert Steril (1995); 63(3), 535^2. [Back]

86.   Somkuti, Fert Steril., (1996), 488. [Back]

87.   Yoshimura, Y., op. cit., p. 18. [Back]

88.   Widra, op. cit., p. 566, table 1. [Back]

89.   Ibid., p. 563. [Back]

90.   Castelbaum, A.J., Ying, L., et al., 'Characterization of Integrin Expression in a Well-differentiated Endometrial Adenocarcinoma Cell Line (Ishikawa)', J Clin Endo Metab. (1997); 82(1), 136-42. [Back]

91.   Somkuti, J Clin Endo Metab. (1997), 2192. [Back]

92.   Loc. cit. [Back]

93.   Castelbaum, op. cit., p. 140. [Back]

94.   Giudice, L.N., Mark, S.P., Irwin, J.C., 'Paracrine Actions of Insulin-like Growth Factors and IGF Binding Protein-1 in Non-pregnant Human Endometrium and at the Decidual-trophoblast Interface', J Reprod Immunol. (1998); 39,133-48. [Back]

95.   Giudice, p. 135. [Back]

96.   Han, V.K., 'The Ontogeny of Growth Hormone, Insulin-like Growth Factors and Sex Steroids: Molecular Aspects', Horm Res. (1996); 45, 1-2, 61-6. [Back]

97.   Han, V.K., Bassett, N., et al., 'The Expression of Insulin-like Growth Factor and IGF-binding Protein Genes in the Human Placenta and Membranes: Evidence for IGF-IGFBP Interactions at the Feto-matemal Interface', J Clin Endocrinol Metab. (1996); 81, 7,2680-93. [Back]

98.   Suikkari, A.M. et al., Oral Contraceptives Increase Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding protein-1 (IFGBP-1) Concentration in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Disease. Fert Steril. (1991); 55,5,895-9. [Back]

99.   Westwood, M., Gibson, J.M., et al., 'Modification of Plasma Insulin-growth Factors and Binding Proteins during Oral Contraceptive Use and the Normal Menstrual Cycle', Am ] Obstet Gynecol. (1999); 180, 530-6. [Back]

100.   Westwood, p. 533. [Back]

101.   Giudice, p. 134. [Back]

102.   Giudice, p. 138. [Back]

103.   Giudice, p. 142. [Back]

104.   Giudice, p. 141. [Back]

105.   Widra, op. cit., p. 563. [Back]

106.   Simon, C., Valbuena, D., et al., 'Interleukin-I Receptor Antagonist Prevents Embryonic Implantation by a Direct Effect on the Endometrial Epithelium', Fert Steril. (1998); 70(5), 896-906. [Back]

107.   Cohen, S.A., 'Objections, Confusion Among Pharmacists Threaten Access to Emergency Contraception', The Guttmacher Report on Public Health. (June 1999), 1-3. [Back]

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